Process

Our process, contained within a unit such as a cargo container, will be transported to the paper recycling plant or pulp & paper mill and “tacked onto” the waste stream. The advantages of using a self-contained facility are five-fold:

- It eliminates the need to continuously transport heavy, wet paper waste to our facility

- It lowers infrastructure costs because the manufacturing & assembly process can be standardized

- It breaks the infrastructure cost into smaller amounts which are more easily funded

- It allows us to have long term flexibility, since the semi-permanent infrastructure can be relocated

- It allows us to access emerging markets by shipping our facility overseas

The figure below is an overview of the process within our self-contained facility:

In the first stage, cellulose in the waste stream is converted into glucose using the enzyme cocktail Cellic CTec 3 from Novozymes. We will use sequential-batch reactors with controlled temperature and pH for large throughput with high yields of glucose. The effluent stream is dewatered to about 25-30% dry weight and disinfected with 600 ppm NaOCl before being fed to the reactors. The first reactor batch reactor is filled with paper waste and the enzyme cocktail. Hydrolysis occurs at 50°C and atmospheric pressure. The rate of hydrolysis of the fine fractions in the stream increased with temperature. The pH is adjusted to slightly acidic conditions, ranging from 4.0-5.0, and a steam-sterilized nutrient solution is added. When hydrolysis reaches a certain point, the solution is transferred to the next batch reactor along with fresh enzyme cocktail. The mean residence time for each of the sequential batch reactors is 4 hours. This design allows us to optimize reaction conditions to achieve the highest glucose yield possible while maintaining high throughput.

At Upcycled Aromatics, we believe sustainable practices should be integrated at every level. For this reason, solids which remain after fermentation are removed by centrifugation and composted. After removing the unconverted solids, we are left with a solution containing glucose. We use membrane filtration to concentrate the glucose, thereby avoiding the use of environmentally damaging solvents. The water recovered in this process is recycled by feeding it back into the semi-batch reactors used for hydrolysis.

In the second stage of our process, glucose is used as a feedstock for the production of aromatics chemicals through fermentation by genetically engineered Pseudomonas putida. This stage also utilized sequential-batch reaction vessels operating at 30°C. We plan to use a nitrogen-limited fermenter maintaining a pH of approximately 7.0. The mean residence time for each reactor is also 4 hours in this stage. Batch reactors allow for the flexibility to produce a new product every batch by changing the reactor conditions.

Lastly, instead of using expensive and environmentally damaging solvents to purify our products, we intend to use a new technology known as “Switchable polarity solvents”. This technology employs the addition or removal of CO2 to alter the polarity of the solvent and thus our product’s solubility. This feature allows us to repurpose the CO2 given off during fermentation, thereby reducing both our operating costs and our environmental footprint.

Case Study: Pulp & Paper Mill

Pulp and paper are manufactured from raw materials containing cellulose fibres, typically wood, recycled paper, and agricultural residue. The pulping process itself is aimed towards breaking down the bulk structure of the fibre source into the constituent fibres to be utilized for the production of new paper products. Unfortunately, there is a significant amount of solid by-product produced from this operation that is currently disposed of in landfills. This waste, generally referred to as "paper sludge" is also an attractive feedstock for the production of specialty chemicals.

Kraft Mill X processes 500 tons of paper product per day and produces approximately 50 tons of paper sludge. This paper sludge is 63.6 wt% cellulose. Our process will transform the cellulose into high value specialty chemicals. In a best case scenario, we will be able to produce 1.961 ton/day of cinnamic acid worth $13,665 whole sale or 3.18 ton/day shikimic acid which could be sold for $692,364 wholesale.

Case Study: Paper Recycling Plant

Recycled paper processing plants use paper as their feedstock and recover fire that can be used to produce new paper products. Paper cannot, however, be recycled endlessly. It is generally accepted that a fibre can be recycled six to seven times before it becomes too short to be utilized in new products. Actually, this unusable fibre accounts for 15-20% of the total paper fibres fed to the recycling plant and are considered waste. Paper recycling companies pay to have this waste product buried in a landfill or sent out as waste water. We can turn this waste into profit.

Paper Recycling Plant Y processes 250 tons of paper per day and produces approximately 50 tons of solid in their effluent stream. This paper sludge is 25.2 wt% cellulose on average. This cellulose can be used to produce high value specialty chemicals. Ideally our process will have the yields required to produce 0.777 ton/day cinnamic acid worth $5,415 wholesale or 1.26 ton/day of shikimic acid which could be sold to buyers for $247,333 wholesale.